Irving Robert Kaufman was a United States federal judge, first on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, and then on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Early in his tenure on the District Court, he became nationally known for presiding over the espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and for sentencing the couple to death. Later in his career, he issued landmark rulings on cases involving the First Amendment, civil rights, and antitrust law. In 1987, he was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

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