Paul James Taubman was an American economist who taught at the University of Pennsylvania. He conducted a prominent twin study on the heritability of income, which was published in 1976. This study has been cited as a pioneering one in the field of genoeconomics. Subsequently, Arthur Goldberger published a paper critiquing Taubman's study, noting that heritability estimates were highly sensitive to assumptions about the degree of overlap between genetic and environmental variables. During the 1970s, Taubman also researched the effect of schooling on individual earnings among World War II veterans.

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